A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin

liber,-era,-erum (adj.A): free, unattached, not joined together, loose; “free; as when there is no cohesion between parts in contact with each other” (Lindley); “having no cohesion with the adjoining parts” (Jackson); (in fungi) “(of gills or tubes), not fixed to the stem” (Ainsworth & Bisby);

opp. conjunctus,-a,-um (part.A) q.v.: bound together, united, connected, joined; opp. fixus,-a,-um (adj.A), fastened, attached, affixed, fixed fast, immovable; opp. valvatus,-a,-um (adj.A), valvate, united by the margins, as in a capsule; see ‘fused;’ see 'attached;'

cf. distinctus,-a,-um (part.A): separate, separated, not divided or fused, distinct; see ‘free.’

NOTE: this adj. not declined as glaber, 'glabrous,' or ‘pulcher,’ with the 'er' reduced to 'r' in all cases except the nominative singular.

NOTE: the ‘e’ is not elided in the adjective as it is in the noun for ‘book:’ liber, gen.sg. libri (s.m.II), q.v.

             singular                    plural   
Nom.  liber  libera  liberum     liberi  liberae  libera    
Gen.  liberi   liberae   liberi       liberorum   liberarum  liberorum    
Dat.  libero   liberae   libero                   liberis     


Acc.  liberum  liberam   liberum      liberos     liberas    libera    
Abl.  libero   libera    libero                   liberis

- stamen vexillare liberum, the vexillar stamen free.

- inter lapides liberos montinm calcareorum Croatiae (DeCandolle), among loose stones of the calcareous mountains of Croatia.

- styli liberi vel connati, styles free or united.

- lamellae fere liberae, the lamellae almost free.

- asci liberi, asci free.

- staminibus ex parte tubulari liberis, with stamens free from the tubular part.

- perianthio pistillato libero imbricato late patenti differt, it differs by the pistillate perianth free, imbricate widely spreading.

- stylus parte conjuncta parte libera triplo breviore, style with the connected part three times shorter than the free part.

- segmentis liberis, with free segments.

- fructibus ovatis mesocarpio endocarpii libero, with the fruits ovate with the mesocarp of the endocarpium free.

- margin dorsalis libera loborum dorsalium copiose acuteque dentata, free dorsal margin of the dorsal lobes copiously and sharply dentate.

- Helvella pileo libero planiusculo repando demum deflexo, a Helvella with the pileus free [i.e. not fixed to the stem], somewhat flat, repand [somewhat sinuose], ultimately deflexed.

- lamellis emarginato - subliberis (S&A), with the lamellae notched-somewhat free [i.e. not attached to the stipe].

- MARQUARTIA, videtur Millettia nitida, Benth., staminibus in alabastro nimis juvenili examinatis, perperam liberie dictis (B&H), Marquartia seems [to be] Millettia nitida, Benth., by the stamens examined in a too juvenile bud, falsely said [to be] free [i.e. not fused].

- petala ut in Reinwardtia fere libera et more Ternstrcemiearum imbricata nec sepalis revera opposita (B&H), the petals, as in Reinwardtia, nearly free and imbricate in the manner of the Ternstroemieae nor [are they] truly opposite to the sepals.

- membrana hyalina in cilia numerosa filiformia nodosa valde appendiculata vel rugulosa, initio inter se anastomosantia, dein libera, producta. (C. Mueller), hyaline membranes extended into numerous filiform, nodose, strongly appendiculate or somewhat wrinkled cilia, from the beginning anastomosing [i.e.reticulately joined] to one another, finally free [i.e. separate].

Aer (s.m.III) liber, gen.sg. aeris libri, abl. sg. aere libro, the free air, i.e. air not restrained by boundaries; air, e.g. surrounding a substance, such as spores, confined in a capsule or other structure, bound by the capsule walls, usually liberated when the capsule disintegrates, is ruptured, or a lid or cap is removed. Note use of the comparative ‘liberior,-ius’ (adj.B):

- seminula tecta adhuc operculo virent; accedente demum liberiori aere sensim sensimque luteolo fuscidulum indipiscuntur colorem (Hedw.), the seminula [i.e. spores] as yet covered with an operculum are green; when finally coming near to the freer air, step by step [i.e. gradually and gradually] they acquire a yellowish-, blackish-brown color.

- semina perquam exigua flavescentia, vel corruptis demum thecae membranis, vel integra hac de suo pedunculo decedente e foramine inferne sic facto, liberioris aeris commotionibus patent (Hedw.), the seeds [i.e. the spores], extremely small, yellowish, either when finally the membrane of the theca is broken, or when entire [i.e. intact], in this place, falling away from its own peduncle [i.e. seta], from an opening thus made below, they stand exposed to the commotions of a free air.

Asci liberi (pl.m.II), “free utricles or asci (of Nees von Esenbeck, 1817)” (S&D); opp. asci fixi (pl.m.II), abl. pl. ascis fixis: (in fungi) “fixed utricles or basidia (of Nees von Esenbeck, 1817); see ‘utricle’” (S&D).

Liber, gen.sg. libri (s.m.II), acc. sg. librum, abl. sg. libro, nom. pl. libri, gen. pl. librorum, acc. pl. libros, dat. & abl. pl. libris.

NOTE: declined differently from liber, libera, liberum (adj.A), q.v.

1. inner bark of a tree, bast; “Liber is that part of the bark (cortex) which lies next to the wood. This gives the name to the books in which we write” (Fuchs in Choate); “the inner lining of the bark of Exogens, where alone its woody matter resides” (Lindley); “applied to a conjoint bundle composed of bast and wood elements” (Jackson), “the inner bark, which is often fibrous, the phloem of the vascular system containing the bast-tissue” (Jackson); [cf. Gk. lepos, lepis; cf. lobos: the inner bark or rind of a tree, “the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written” (Lewis & Short)]; see cortex; see paper;

- cortex constans complexu celluloso sub epidermide sito, et stratis corticalibus, aliis exterioribus senioribus, aliis interioribus junioribus nomine Libri insignitis (DeCandolle), the cortex is composed of the cellulose surroundings [i.e. tissue] situated under the epidermis, and with the cortical layers, those outer the older, those inner the younger, are distinguished by the name Liber.

- [Rhyncharrhena atropurpúrea]] herba pluripedalis. Caules tenues teretes obscure striolati tenaces. Liber fibrosus (F. Mueller), an herb many feet [high]. the stems thin, round obscurely striolate, tough. The Liber fibrous.

- [Aecidium asperifolii; fungi] bulla insignis, substantia caulis interiore (cortice, libero, medulla) distenta laxiore farcta (S&A), the bulla is conspicuous, more loosely packed with the distended interior substance of the stem (the cortex, the liber [i.e. the part lying inward from the cortex], the medulla [i.e. the pith]) [= i.e. the stem of the host plant].

Endophloeum,-i (s.n.II), abl. sg. endophloeo: “the liber of bark; the inner layer, containing woody tissue, lying next the wood” (Lindley): endophloeum,-i (s.n.II), abl. sg. phloeo; see phloem.

liberoligneus,-a,-um (adj.A), liberolognosus,-a,-um (adj.A): liberoligneous “applied to a conjoint bundle composed of bast and wood elements” (Jackson) [> L. liber, inner bark + lignum, wood].

Sclerenchyma,-atis (s.n.III), abl. sg. sclerenchymate, “”1. formerly applied to stone-cells, Sclereids 2. afterwards proposed for bast or liber cells, which are immensely thickened, with their protoplasm usually lost” (Jackson):

- foliis sclerenchymate abundo, with leaves with abundant sclerenchyma.

NOTE: phaeosclerenchyma,-atis (s.n.III), abl. sg. phaeosclerenchymate, with dark-colored sclerenchyma.

2. book, treatise, work; paper, parchment; a list, catalogue, register; a letter, an epistle; see litterae,-arum (pl.f.I);

Eng. Noun: Liber = “inner bark of a tree, pith of papyrus, book: bast; a book of records (as of deeds or wills)” (WIII).

NOTE: several books may make up a publication, such as the 28 books of natural history of Ferrande Imperato:

- FERRANDI IMPERATI NEAPOLITANI HISTORIÆ NATURALIS LIBRI XXIIX, the 28 books of Natural History of the Neapolitan [i.e. of Naples] Ferrande [Imperato].

- De Situ Orbis Libri III(of Ponponius Mela, ca. AD 43), Three Books on a Description of the World;” a treatise on geography.

NOTE:

1. L., capital letter: abbrev. = “L. Liber vel Libro” (Dill.).

2. Lib.: abbrev. = Liber., e.g. Lib. II, ‘Book II;’ Lib. XXIIX, ‘Book 28.’

NOTE: lower case ‘l.’ usually refers to vel, ‘or.’

- [Synonym] Bryon Theophrasti Caes. L.16. C. 26. C. descr. br. (Dill.) = Liber [book] 16. Caput [chapter] 26. cum [with] descriptione [description] brevi [short] [with a short description].

- [Synonym] Bryon folio herbido amplo, Lactucis simili Theophr. L. 4. C. 7. (Dill.) Bryon [i.e. Bryum] with a large [grass-like; grass-green] leaf, similar to Lactua [plants], Theophrastus Book 4, Chapter 7.

- ex libris, from the books (i.e. library) [of an owner, often used as a bookplate glued to the inside cover of a book with the owner’s name inscribed or written in].

- accessèrunt nonnullæ JOHANNIS MARIÆ FERRO ADNOTATIONES ad LIBRUM VIGESIMUM OCTAVUM, several annotations of Giovanni Maria Ferro added to the 28th book.

- species vix 60 admittendae, etsi fere 200 in libris descriptae (B&H), scarcely 60 species should be admitted, even if almost 200 have been described in books.

- Imprimatur: Liber, cui Titulus, Historia Muscorum &c. GUALT. HODGES, Vice-Canc. OXON. Decemb. 14. 1741. (Dill.), let it be printed [i.e. give license to print or publish]: a book, the title of which, Historia Muscorum &c.,[Gualtiero] Hodges, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford [Oxonii, gen.sg. Oxonium,-i (s.n.II)] December 14, 1741; see Oxford.

- porro flos ille integer ‘a.’ appictus est ex Tabulis Michelii ante opus publicatum distributis, qui omissus postea in ipso Libro, ruptus vero exhibetur ab ipso lit. B.F. (Dill.), formerly the whole flower was painted [under the letter] ‘a.’ according to Michelli’s plate distributed before his work was published, which after that was omitted in that Book, but actually [the flower] appeared, split off in that [work] [under the] letter[s] B. F.

- Si in Loeselii Catalogo 1654. publicato (qui liber nobis deest) eodem modo, quo in Flora Pruss. recenseatur, tum prima hujus mentio & inventio Loeselio debetur (Dill.), if in the Catalogue [i.e. inventory] of Loesel published in 1654 (which I don’t have [i.e. which book is lacking to me]) it would have been reviewed [or enumerated] in the same way as in the Flora of Prussia, then its first mention [i.e. naming] and discovery ought to be with Loesel.

NOTE: “Johann Loeselii plantarum rariorum sponte nascentium in Borrussia, catalogus Regiomonti. 1654. 4to. A later edition appeared at Franckfort, 1873. 4 to.

Also Flora Prussica, edid. Joan. Gottsched. Med. Prof. Regiomonti. 1703. 4to. With beautiful plates.” (Willdenow). [Regiomonti Borussiae = Königsberg, Germany]

- Species ad 60, per regiones calidiores utriusque orbis dispersae, plurimae, diu cultae, varietates praebent numerosas ab auctoribus saepe pro speciebus descriptas ita ut nomina plus quam 150 in libris nostris reperiuntur (B&H), species to 60, dispersed throughout warmer regions on both sides of the globe, very many, cultivated for a long time, display numerous varieties by authors often described for species so that names are found to be more than 150 in our books.

- species ad 30, sed ab auctoribus tam inordinate multiplicatae ut in libris plus quam 180 descriptas et 250 enumeratas (varietatibus monstrisque hortulanorum exclusis) invenimus (B&H), species to 30, but by authors so erradically multiplied that in books we encountered more than 180 described and 250 listed (with varieties and the monstrosities of gardeners excluded).

- recepi a cl. Wallich sub nomine Byttneriae aspersae Roxb. quod in libris evulgatis non video (DeCandolle), I have received [it] from the eminent Wallich under the name of Byttneria aspersa Roxb., which [i.e. name] I do not see in the published books [i.e. in the literature].