Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador

The Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador was financed primarily by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. We are profoundly grateful for their support. We also wish to thank Henrik Balslev who, through his grant from DANIDA (no. 104.Dan.8.1/201 Natural Resources for Development—A Botanical Research Collaboration between Denmark and Ecuador), supported the work carried out at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador's herbarium QCA by Susana León-Yánez. We thank the National Geographic Society for its support of fieldwork in southern Ecuador through its grants to Peter M. Jørgensen (no. 5181-94 and 6327-98).

The project has been carried out as a collaborative effort between four institutions: the National Herbarium of Ecuador (QCNE), the Herbarium QCA at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, the Department of Systematic Botany at Aarhus University, Denmark (AAU), and the Missouri Botanical Garden, USA (MO). The institutions have throughout the project made all information available to the editors and contributors.

The project could not have been completed without the assistance of Amada Pedroni González, Vallery A. Swift, and Nancy Hediger, who have gathered and entered information from literature sources, as well as information provided by the contributors; we thank them for their work. The TROPICOS database used to compile the information is the daily tool for many colleagues at Missouri Botanical Garden, who have all contributed to this project indirectly by their work with the database. We thank Robert Magill for his help in providing programs to extract the information from the database. Gerrit Davidse, James Zarucchi, Roy Gereau, Dan Nicolson, and John McNeill provided valuable assistance on nomenclature issues.

Individual contributors and reviewers are acknowledged in the listing below. A project of this magnitude would not have been possible without the help of numerous specialists from all over the world. We are very grateful for the efforts of the contributors and reviewers.

We thank the herbarium staff at the Department of Systematic Botany at Aarhus University (AAU), the Department of Systematic Botany at Göteborg University (GB), The Field Museum of Natural History (F), The New York Botanical Garden (NY), Riksmuseet in Stockholm (S), the Smithsonian Institution (US), and the University of Wisconsin (WIS) for their help and logistical assistance during visits. Special thanks are given to Lennart Andersson, Uno Eliasson, Laurence Dorr, Robin Foster, Nancy Hensold, Hugh H. Iltis, Inger Juste, Roger Lundin, James Luteyn, Carol Niezgoda, Bertil Nordenstam, Flemming Nørgaard, Paul Peterson, and Benjamin Øllgaard.

Additional thanks are extended to the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (K) for providing a copy of the relevant data subset from Index Kewensis. The Internet version of Gray Card Index were likewise searched for records matching Ecuador, and we thank the Gray Herbarium (GH) at Harvard University for making that possible. Carol Todzia made the relevant type information available from the University of Texas (TEX). Lists of ferns and fern allies and Asteraceae were made available by Benjamin Øllgaard and Vicki Funk, respectively, which was of great help.

John Blake, Kathy Graham, and Robert Ricklefs are thanked for their help with the cluster and multivariate analyses. Henrik Balslev, Paul E. Berry, John Blake, Kathy Hurlbert, and Carmen Ulloa U. are thanked for their careful reading of the introduction. Amy McPherson is thanked for her meticulous reading of the entire Catalogue.

Authors and co-authors of family treatments

Al-Shehbaz, I., (MO), Brassicaceae

Alverson, W. S., (WIS, GH), Bombacaceae

Andersen, E. Ø., (AAU), Gleicheniaceae

Anderson, W. R., (MICH), Malpighiaceae

Arbeláez A., A. L., (MO), Pteridaceae

Aymard, G., (PORT), Dilleniaceae

Ballard, H. E., (WIS, BHO), Violaceae

Balslev, H., (AAU), Arecaceae

Barriera, G., (G), Aquifoliaceae

Berg, C. C., (BG), Cecropiaceae, Moraceae

Bergmann, B., (AAU), Araliaceae

Berry, P. E., (MO, WIS), Onagraceae, Rapateaceae

Bonifaz, C., (GUAY), Nymphaeaceae

Borchsenius, F., (AAU), Araliaceae, Arecaceae

Bradford, J., (MO), Cunoniaceae

Callejas, R., (HUA), Piperaceae

Camelbeke, K., (GENT), Cyperaceae

Claes, F., (GENT), Cyperaceae

Clark, L. G., (ISC), Poaceae

Cochrane, T. S., (WIS), Capparaceae

Cornejo, X., (GUAY), Nymphaeaceae

Croat, T. B., (MO), Araceae

Daly, D., (NY), Burseraceae

Dodson, C. H., (QCNE), Cypripediaceae, Orchidaceae

Dorr, L. J., (US), Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae

Dressler, S., (FR), Marcgraviaceae

Eriksen, B., (GB), Polygalaceae

Eriksson, R., (GB), Basellaceae, Cyclanthaceae

Faden, R. B., (US), Commelinaceae

Forero, E., (COL), Connaraceae

Freire F., A., (MO, QCA), Crassulaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Saxifragaceae

Friis, I., (C), Urticaceae

Gaskin, J., (MO), Smilacaceae

Gereau, R. E., (MO), Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Anthericaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteliaceae, Dracaenaceae, Melanthiaceae, Phormiaceae

Goetghebeur, P., (GENT), Cyperaceae

González, F., (COL, NY), Aristolochiaceae

Harley, R. M., (K), Lamiaceae

Hedin, J., (ARIZ), Hippocrateaceae

Hiepko, P., (B), Opiliaceae

Holst, B. K., (SEL), Myrtaceae

Hunt, D. R., (K), Commelinaceae

Iltis, H. H., (WIS), Capparaceae

Jaramillo, J. L., (QCA), Elaeocarpaceae

Jaramillo, T., (QCA), Myristicaceae

Jørgensen, P. M., (MO), Aceraceae, Achatocarpaceae, Actinidiaceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apiaceae, Araucariaceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, Balanophoraceae, Balsaminaceae, Bataceae, Begoniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bixaceae, Blechnaceae, Buddlejaceae, Burmanniaceae, Cabombaceae, Cactaceae, Campanulaceae, Cannaceae, Caricaceae, Casuarinaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Chloranthaceae, Clethraceae, Clusiaceae, Columelliaceae, Convolvulaceae, Coriariaceae, Costaceae, Cuscutaceae, Cyatheaceae, Cyperaceae, Cyrillaceae, Davalliaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Dipsacaceae, Droseraceae, Dryopteridaceae, Elatinaceae, Equisetaceae, Eremolepidaceae, Ericaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Goodeniaceae, Haemodoraceae, Heliconiaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Hugoniaceae, Humiriaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Isoetaceae, Juncaceae, Juncaginaceae, Krameriaceae, Lemnaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Linaceae, Lophosoriaceae, Loranthaceae, Loxsomataceae, Lycopodiaceae

Judziewicz, E., Poaceae

Kearns, D., (USF), Cucurbitaceae

Klitgaard, B. B., (AAU), Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae

Knapp, S., (BM), Ebenaceae, Solanaceae

Kral, R., (VDB, BRIT), Xyridaceae

Lægaard, S., (AAU), Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Poaceae, Salicaceae

León, B., (USM), Polypodiaceae

León-Yánez, S., (QCA, MO), Aizoaceae, Buxaceae, Callitrichaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Geraniaceae, Humiriaceae, Lacistemataceae, Molluginaceae, Myristicaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Podostemaceae, Portulacaceae, Ranunculaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Turneraceae, Ulmaceae, Verbenaceae, Vitaceae, Vochysiaceae, Winteraceae

Lewis, G. P., (K), Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae

Lidén, M., (GB), Fumariaceae, Papaveraceae

Liesner, R. L., (MO), Celastraceae, Cornaceae, Hernandiaceae, Icacinaceae, Loganiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Ochnaceae, Quiinaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sabiaceae

Loizeau, P. A., (G), Aquifoliaceae

Londoño, X., (INCIVA), Poaceae

Lorea-Hernández, F., (MO, XAL), Lauraceae

Lundin, R., (S), Asteraceae

Luther, H. E., (SEL), Bromeliaceae

Mora, L. E., (Academía Colombiana de Ciencias), Gunneraceae, Haloragaceae

Mori, S., (NY), Lecythidaceae

Morillo, G. N., (MERF), Asclepiadaceae

Morrone, O., (SI), Poaceae

Muriel, P., (QCA), Myristicaceae

Navarrete, H., (QCA), Blechnaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae

Neill, D. A., (MO), Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae

Neuendorf, M., (GB), Alstroemeriaceae

Nordenstam, B., (S), Asteraceae

Orozco, C. I., (COL), Brunelliaceae

Ott, C., (MJG), Menispermaceae

Palacios, W. A., (QCNE), Meliaceae

Pennington, T. D., (K), Sapotaceae

Pipoly, J. J., (BRIT), Myrsinaceae

Plana, V., (K), Proteaceae

Porter, D. M., (VPI), Zygophyllaceae

Potgieter, K., (ILL), Apocynaceae

Prance, G. T., (K), Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Rhizophoraceae

Pringle, J. S., (HAM), Gentianaceae, Menyanthaceae

Raven, P. H., (MO), Onagraceae

Renner, S. S., (MO), Melastomataceae, Monimiaceae

Reynel, C., (MOL), Rutaceae

Ricketson, J., (MO), Myrsinaceae

Riedl, H., (W), Boraginaceae

Robinson, H., (US), Asteraceae

Robson, N. K. B., (BM), Clusiaceae

Romoleroux, K., (QCA), Rosaceae

Schatz, G. E., (MO), Annonaceae

Short, M., (BM), Solanaceae

Sidwell, K., (BM), Oxalidaceae

Simmons, S. L., (TEX), Staphyleaceae

Skog, L., (US), Gesneriaceae

Smith, B., (DAV), Euphorbiaceae

Stace, C. A., (LTR), Combretaceae

Stevenson, D. W., (NY), Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae, Zamiaceae

Taylor, C. M., (MO), Rubiaceae

Tellez V., O., (MEXU), Dioscoreaceae

Thomas, W. W., (NY), Simaroubaceae

Ulloa U., C., (MO), Berberidaceae, Santalaceae

Werff, H. van der, (MO), Lauraceae

Wasshausen, D. C., (US), Acanthaceae, Mendonciaceae

Webster, G. L., (DAV), Euphorbiaceae

Weigend, M., (M), Loasaceae

Weitzman, A. L., (US), Theaceae

Wunderlin, R. P., (USF), Cucurbitaceae

Zardini, E. M., (MO), Onagraceae

Zarucchi, J. L., (MO), Apocynaceae

Zuloaga, F., (SI), Poaceae

Reviewers of family treatments:

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., (US), Sapindaceae

Aedo, C., (MA), Geraniaceae

Almeda, F., (CAS), Melastomataceae

Al-Shehbaz, I., (MO), Resedaceae

Alverson, W. S., (WIS), Tiliaceae

Anderson, C., (MICH), Malpighiaceae

Anderson, G. J., (CONN), Solanaceae

Andersson, L. B., (GB), Araliaceae, Rubiaceae, Tovariaceae, Tropaeolaceae

Arbo, M. M., (CTES), Turneraceae

Atwood, J. T., (SEL), Orchidaceae

Austin, D. F., (FAU), Convolvulaceae, Cuscutaceae

Aymard, G., (PORT), Buxaceae, Polygalaceae, Verbenaceae

Badillo, V. M., (MY), Caricaceae

Balslev, H., (AAU), Juncaceae

Barfod, A. S., (AAU), Anacardiaceae

Barringer, K., (BKL), Balsaminaceae, Thymelaeaceae

Beckner, J., (SEL), Orchidaceae

Berg, C. C., (BG), Urticaceae

Berry, P. E., (WIS), Hugoniaceae, Linaceae, Polygalaceae, Xyridaceae

Bohs, L., (DUKE), Solanaceae

Bonifaz, C., (GUAY), Proteaceae

Boom, B. M., (NY), Theaceae

Brandbyge, J., (AAU), Polygonaceae

Brant, A. E., (MO), Loganiaceae

Breteler, F. J., (WAG), Dichapetalaceae

Burger, W., (F), Moraceae, Piperaceae

Castillo, R., (PTIS), Solanaceae

Chatrou, L., (U), Annonaceae

Clark, L. G., (ISC), Poaceae

Constance, L., (UC), Apiaceae

Correa, M. D., (PMA), Droseraceae

Cotton, E., (AAU), Melastomataceae

Cruden, R. W., (IA), Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Anthericaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteliaceae, Dracaenaceae, Melanthiaceae, Phormiaceae

Dalström, S., (SEL), Orchidaceae

Daniel, T. F., (CAS), Acanthaceae

D'Arcy, W. G., (MO), Solanaceae

Davenport, L. J., (BBG), Hydrophyllaceae

Davidse, G., (MO), Poaceae

de Roon, A. C., (U), Marcgraviaceae

Dillon, M. O., (F), Asteraceae, Nolanaceae

Dorr, L. J., (US), Balsaminaceae

Eliasson, U., (GB), Achatocarpaceae, Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Bataceae, Chenopodiaceae, Molluginaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Portulacaceae, Rafflesiaceae

Eriksen, B., (GB), Valerianaceae

Fernández-Alonso, J. L., (COL), Bombacaceae, Rhamnaceae

Ferreira da Silva, N. M., (RB), Combretaceae

Fritsch, P. W., (CAS), Styracaceae

Fryxell, P. A., (TEX), Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae

Geltman, D. V., (LE), Urticaceae

Gereau, R. E., (MO), Alstroemeriaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Sapindaceae

Gil ad, N. L., (CAS), Violaceae

Goldblatt, P., (MO), Iridaceae

González-Elizondo, M. S., (CIIDIR), Cyperaceae

Graham, S. A., (KE), Lythraceae

Grayum, M. H., (MO), Araceae, Hernandiaceae

Gustafsson, C., (GB), Clethraceae

Hágsater, E., (AMO), Orchidaceae

Hahn, W. J., (NY), Aquifoliaceae

Hammel, B. E., (MO), Clusiaceae, Cyclanthaceae

Hansen, B. F., (C), Balanophoraceae

Harling, G., (GB), Cunoniaceae

Hauk, W. D., (MO), Bignoniaceae

Haynes, R. R., (UNA), Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Juncaginaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Najadaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Zannichelliaceae

Hempel, A., (ARIZ), Loasaceae

Henderson, A., (NY), Arecaceae

Hensold, N., (F), Eriocaulaceae

Hoch, P. C., (MO), Onagraceae

Holm-Nielsen, L. B., (AAU), Alismataceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Juncaginaceae, Limnocharitaceae, Najadaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Typhaceae, Zannichelliaceae

Horn, C. N., (NBYC), Pontederiaceae

Howard, R. A., (GH), Icacinaceae

Hufford, L. D., (WS), Loasaceae

Jarvinen, J., (TUR), Myristicaceae

Jonsell, B. E., (SBT), Brassicaceae

Jørgensen, P. M., (MO), Aristolochiaceae, Betulaceae, Bromeliaceae, Brunelliaceae, Buxaceae, Callitrichaceae, Capparaceae, Caryocaraceae, Cecropiaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Connaraceae, Cornaceae, Crassulaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Dilleniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fumariaceae, Gentianaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Grossulariaceae, Gunneraceae, Haloragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Icacinaceae, Juglandaceae, Lecythidaceae, Mendonciaceae, Menyanthaceae, Monimiaceae, Myricaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Opiliaceae, Papaveraceae, Podostemaceae, Proteaceae, Quiinaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rapateaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rosaceae, Sabiaceae, Salicaceae, Santalaceae, Sapotaceae, Saxifragaceae, Smilacaceae, Styracaceae, Ulmaceae, Winteraceae, Zygophyllaceae

Kallunki, J. A., (NY), Rutaceae

Kennedy, H., (UBC), Marantaceae

Knapp, S., (BM), Ochnaceae

Kress, W. J., (US), Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae

Kuijt, J., (UVIC), Eremolepidaceae, Loranthaceae, Viscaceae

Kvist, L. P., (CP), Gesneriaceae

Lammers, T. G., (F), Campanulaceae, Goodeniaceae, Sphenocleaceae

Landolt, E., (ZT), Lemnaceae

Landrum, L. R., (ASU), Berberidaceae, Myrtaceae

Leeuwenberg, A. J. M., (WAG), Apocynaceae

León, B., (USM), Callitrichaceae, Haloragaceae

León-Yánez, S., (QCA, MO), Casuarinaceae, Polemoniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Punicaceae

Liesner, R. L., (MO), Caprifoliaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Humiriaceae, Lacistemataceae, Staphyleaceae, Ulmaceae

Litt, A., (NY), Vochysiaceae

Lombardi, J. A., (BHCB), Vitaceae

Lorence, D. H., (PTBG), Monimiaceae

Lozano C., G., (COL), Magnoliaceae

Luer, C. A., (SEL), Orchidaceae

Luteyn, J. L., (NY), Ericaceae, Plumbaginaceae

Maas, P. J. M., (U), Annonaceae, Burmanniaceae, Cannaceae, Costaceae, Gentianaceae, Haemodoraceae, Triuridaceae, Zingiberaceae

MacDougal, J. M., (MO), Passifloraceae

Madsen, J. E., (AAU), Cactaceae

McNeill, J., (TRT), Caryophyllaceae

McPherson, G., (MO), Euphorbiaceae

Meerow, A. W., (FLAS), Amaryllidaceae

Mennega, A. M. W., (U), Celastraceae, Hippocrateaceae

Miller, J. S., (MO), Boraginaceae

Mione, T., (CCSU), Solanaceae

Mitchell, J., (NY), Burseraceae

Molau, U., (GB), Bixaceae, Elatinaceae, Scrophulariaceae

Moran, R. C., (AAU, NY), Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, Davalliaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Lophosoriaceae, Loxsomataceae, Marattiaceae, Marsileaceae, Metaxyaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Osmundaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Polypodiaceae, Psilotaceae, Pteridaceae, Salviniaceae, Schizaeaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Vittariaceae

Moreno, N. P., (SBSC), Ranunculaceae

Nee, M., (NY), Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae

Niezgoda, C., (F), Erythroxylaceae

Norman, E. M., (DLF), Buddlejaceae

Ortiz G., R., (MO), Menispermaceae

Paton, A. J., (K), Lamiaceae

Pennington, T. D., (K), Meliaceae

Peterson, P. M., (US), Poaceae

Pipoly, J. J., (BRIT), Clusiaceae

Pirani, J. R., (SPF), Simaroubaceae

Prance, G. T., (K), Lecythidaceae

Prather, L. A., (MSC), Polemoniaceae

Pruski, J., (US), Asteraceae

Rahn, K., (C), Plantaginaceae

Reznicek, A. A., (MICH), Cyperaceae

Robson, N. K. B., (BM), Clusiaceae

Rohwer, J. G., (HEID), Lauraceae

Romoleroux, K., (QCA), Columelliaceae

Rueda, R. M., (HNMN), Verbenaceae

Sawyer, N. W., (CONN), Solanaceae

Seigler, D. S., (ILL), Mimosaceae

Simpson, B. B., (TEX), Krameriaceae

Skog, L. E., (US), Coriariaceae

Smith, A. R., (UC), Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiaceae, Thelypteridaceae

Smith, D. A., Elaeocarpaceae

Solomon, J. C., (MO), Cactaceae, Mayacaceae, Vitaceae

Soreng, R., (US), Poaceae

Sothers, C., (K), Ebenaceae

Spooner, D. M., (PTIS), Solanaceae

Ståhl, B., (GB), Cyrillaceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Primulaceae, Symplocaceae, Theophrastaceae

Stevens, W. D., (MO), Asclepiadaceae

Taylor, P., (K), Lentibulariaceae

Thomas, W. W., (NY), Cyperaceae

Till, W., (WU), Bromeliaceae

Todzia, C. A., (TEX), Chloranthaceae

Tucker, G. C., (NYS), Cyperaceae

Ulloa U., C., (MO), Olacaceae

Valdespino, I. A., (PMA), Selaginellaceae

Veldkamp, J., (L), Oxalidaceae

Wagner, W. L., (US), Onagraceae

Wasshausen, D. C., (US), Begoniaceae

Watson, M. F., (E), Oxalidaceae

Weitzman, A. L., (US), Pellicieraceae

Wheeler, G. A., (MIN), Cyperaceae

Wiersema, J., (BARC), Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae

Zanoni, T., (NY), Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae, Zamiaceae

Zarucchi, J. L., (MO), Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae

Øllgaard, B., (AAU), Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, Davalliaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Equisetaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Isoetaceae, Lophosoriaceae, Loxsomataceae, Lycopodiaceae, Marattiaceae, Marsileaceae, Metaxyaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Osmundaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Polypodiaceae, Psilotaceae, Pteridaceae, Salviniaceae, Schizaeaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Vittariaceae